三江平原环型湿地土壤养分的空间分布规律

以三江平原环型湿地作为研究对象，对其环带状植被区湿地土壤的有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾的空间分布规律进行了初步研究。结果表明，环型湿地土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾具有明显的空间水平分异规律，有机质、全氮、全磷的含量由环型湿地中心向边缘逐渐减少，全钾的含量和碳氮比逐渐增加。土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾在垂直方向上具有明显的分层和富聚现象，自上而下，有机质的含量逐渐降低；全氮含量除漂筏苔草群落外，其他各群落土壤全氮含量呈先增加后减少的分布；大部分植物群落全磷含量呈先减后增的“V”型分布；全钾含量呈表层和底层较高、中间层较低的“中空”状分布。通过相关分析表明，环型湿地土壤有机碳与全氮具有相似的空间分布规律，全钾与有机碳、全氮具有相异的空间分布规律，而全磷具有自己独特的空间分布规律。环型湿地土壤的有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾的空间分布主要受植物体元素含量、生物过程和水文地貌过程影响，它通过过程影响湿地的功能。研究环型湿地的有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾的空间分布规律不仅有助于完善湿地土壤形成和发育的理论，探明湿地的生态过程和功能，而且为合理利用和保护湿地提供科学依据。     

轮作模式对滩涂土壤有机碳及团聚体的影响

通过3年的田间试验,对比研究了在不施肥及施等量氮肥处理下,水旱轮作、旱旱轮作方式对苏北滩涂轻度盐渍化农田土壤脱盐、土壤有机碳、土壤团聚体的影响。结果表明:相同盐分背景条件下,水旱轮作、旱旱轮作两种利用方式下土壤盐分平均分别下降30%和10%,p H分别下降3%和0,水旱轮作更有利于滨海滩涂轻度盐渍化土壤的快速脱盐及降碱。两种轮作模式下土壤有机碳及大团聚体(2.0 mm)含量均随耕作年限而增长,且在不施肥和施肥的情况下,水旱轮作0~10 cm土层的土壤有机碳增长分别高于旱旱轮作约83%和75%;而大团聚体含量相比旱旱轮作分别高出11%和26%。水旱轮作模式对滨海滩涂盐渍化土壤的脱盐、增碳以及结构改良上均显著好于旱旱轮作模式。     

基于GIS的庄河市滨海湿地景观格局变化及其驱动力分析

[目的]探究辽宁省庄河市滨海湿地景观格局变化及其驱动力,为该市滨海湿地的合理利用和生物多样性保护提供决策支持和科学依据。[方法]以庄河市2000,2010年2期遥感影像为基础数据,在遥感和GIS技术支持下,运用景观格局指数模型来分析研究区景观格局的变化特征和该区景观格局变化的驱动因素。[结果]10a间,庄河市滨海湿地的面积减少了7.44%;景观斑块数(NP)由2000年的3 425块增加到2010年的3 563块,增加了4.03%;景观多样性指数(H)由2000年的0.631 5增加到2010年的0.855 4;景观优势度指数(D)从2000年的0.835 9降低到2010年的0.736 4;景观均匀度指数(E)从2000年的0.578降低到2010年的0.514。[结论]庄河市滨海湿地的景观破碎化程度在加剧。在自然驱动力和人文驱动力作用下,湿地面积大幅减少,生态功能不断下降,使得研究区生态环境恶化,从而严重影响庄河市的经济发展。     

Sediments in the Catchment-coast Continuum (7 pp)

-  Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Ulrich Förstner on his 65th birthdayBackground   Sediments pose problems at their deposition sites when there is too little sediment (e.g. wetlands) or too much sediment (e.g. navigable waterways) and, additionally, when they are contaminated. These problems often have their origin upstream in the river catchment. Objective   Global aspects of changes concerning sediment quantity and quality, as they affect downstream areas, are reviewed. A case study of estuarine sediments demonstrates how a holistic approach helps in understanding and predicting their present and future quality. Results and Conclusions   Globally, large reservoirs intercept between 25 and 30% of the sediment and consequently supply the coast with impacts on wetlands and coastal morphology. In estuaries, the composition of sediments is determined by the mixing of marine sediments supplied from the coast and the supply by rivers. Natural tracers can be used to predict mixing ratios of marine to fluvial sediments in estuaries, and hence their contamination. Scenarios on implementation of pollution abatement, the implementation of regulations as well as climate change are needed to predict future sediment quality in downstream areas. The results show, even for a ‘green’ scenario, that sediment quality in the Rhine catchment will pose future problems due to the temporal storage of contaminants in soils and sediments.Recommendations and Outlook   The current methods applied make use of existing models linking sediment transport with point and diffuse sources in the river catchments and scenarios on the development of strength of point and diffuse sources. However, more effort is needed to come to a uniform framework which includes land use changes and links with more advanced scenario methodology for long to medium-term management of sediment quality and quantity in river catchments.     

Core terrestrial habitat for conservation of local populations of salamanders and wood frogs in agricultural landscapes

Pond-breeding amphibians require aquatic and terrestrial habitats to complete their lifecycles, and preservation of both habitats is necessary for maintaining local populations. Current wetland regulations focus primarily on aquatic habitats, and criteria to define critical upland habitats and regulations to protect them are often ambiguous or lacking. We examined the association between the presence of seven pond-breeding amphibian species and the landscape composition surrounding 54 wetlands located within the Till Plains and the Glaciated Plateau ecoregions of Ohio, USA. We quantified landscape composition within 200 m of the wetland (“core terrestrial zone”) and the area extending from 200 m to 1 km from the wetland (“broader landscape context zone”). We constructed binary logistic regression models for each species, and evaluated them using Akaike Information Criterion. Presence of spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum), Jefferson's salamander complex (A. jeffersonianum) and smallmouth salamanders (A. texanum) was positively associated with the amount of forest within the core zone. Presence of wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) was positively associated with the amount of forest within the core zone and the amount of forest within the broader landscape context zone. Presence of tiger salamanders (A. tigrinum tigrinum) was negatively associated with the cumulative length of paved roads within 1 km of the site, and presence of red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus v. viridescens) was negatively associated with the average linear distance to the five nearest wetlands. Overall salamander diversity was positively associated with the amount of forest within the core zone, and negatively associated with the presence of predatory fish and cumulative length of paved roads within 1 km of the site. Our results confirm the strong association between the structure of surrounding upland areas and amphibian diversity at breeding ponds, and stress the importance of preserving core terrestrial habitat around wetlands for maintaining amphibian diversity.     

Farmland birds and resource protection in the UK: Cross-cutting solutions for multi-functional farming?

Farmland bird declines in Europe are well documented. In the UK, agri-environment schemes are key mechanisms for reversing the declines of birds and other farmland biodiversity, but recent reviews suggest that wet habitats might be a gap in provision by these schemes. Important resources provided by wet habitats include: (i) damp soil, for probing species; (ii) permanent water to provide water-dependent invertebrates, as a source of food; (iii) bare or sparsely vegetated ground in the draw-down zone, to improve access to food; (iv) rank emergent vegetation for nesting. However, wet habitats have been lost from farmland as a result of loss of ponds and filling of ditches, as well as the effective removal of water from fields by surface run-off, itself affected by soil compaction, and extensive under-field drainage. The efficient removal of water from fields can cause problems downstream, both through flooding, and diffuse pollution. Regular farmland pollutants include pesticides, nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment, leading to environmental problems such as eutrophication and reduced quality of drinking water. Major new political instruments, such as the Water Framework Directive, will aim to reduce the impact of this diffuse pollution from agriculture. A variety of solutions to diffuse pollution, such as conservation tillage, buffer strips at field edges, and small constructed wetlands, could simultaneously provide some of the resources required by farmland birds. We suggest that future agri-environment schemes, to be truly multifunctional, could focus on bringing these diverse objectives together.     

滩涂互花米草除治技术研究

针对福建沿海滩涂外来物种互花米草疯长成灾问题,通过使用滩涂米草除控剂、种植秋茄等方法对互花米草进行除治技术研究,结果表明:在4-7月退潮后,用滩涂米草除控剂300-400 g稀水10 kg液均匀喷湿互花米草茎叶,2个月后叶枯根烂,次年4月下旬在除草迹地插植秋茄胚轴,幼树长势良好,为建设海峡西岸滩涂绿色屏障提供技术支撑.     

沿海林带木麻黄营林技术及造林成效

文章阐述了木麻黄沿海林带改进营林技术措施,包括育苗技术和造林技术,并分析了造林成效.文章认为加快沿海基干林带的修复进程,提高建设质量,改进营林技术措施是关键.文章提出的改进营林技术值得推广应用.     

河北滨海平原区种植业结构调整探析

以1985-2010年统计数据为基础,运用定量与定性相结合的分析方法,对河北滨海平原区1985-2010年种植结构调整过程进行了初步研究,明确了该区不同时期粮食作物、油料作物、棉花、蔬菜、水果等作物的结构和变化趋势,分析了该区种植业结构调整的内在原因及动力,并对河北滨海平原区未来种植结构调整的方向和重点进行了讨论.     

江苏沿海三市乡村旅游的海滨资源保护与开发

海滨乡村旅游是乡村旅游与海洋特色的结合体。本文首先探讨了江苏沿海三市的旅游发展现状，继而分析了江苏海滨发展乡村旅游的优势及存在的问题，最后，在此基础上提出了发展江苏海滨乡村旅游的对策：加大海滩保护力度、加强体验型旅游产品开发、打造独具特色的精品旅游区以及加强与沪浙和山东的旅游区域合作。